Manu clearly mentions that Brahmin, Kshatriya and Vaishya, collectively known as dwija
and the Shudras are the four varnas. There is no fifth varna. He explains the origin of
other castes by saying that they are varna-sankara castes, that is to say, castes
originating due to the intermixture of different varnas, both in anuloma (uppervarna
male and lower varna female) and pratiloma (lower varna male and upper varna
female) manner. Nishad caste is said to have originated from anuloma relationship
between Brahmin male and Shudra female.
and the Shudras are the four varnas. There is no fifth varna. He explains the origin of
other castes by saying that they are varna-sankara castes, that is to say, castes
originating due to the intermixture of different varnas, both in anuloma (uppervarna
male and lower varna female) and pratiloma (lower varna male and upper varna
female) manner. Nishad caste is said to have originated from anuloma relationship
between Brahmin male and Shudra female.
· Chandala caste is said to be owing its origin to pratiloma relationship between Shudra
male and Brahmin female.
male and Brahmin female.
· Manu seems to be disapproving of pratiloma relationship more than the anuloma,
because hedescribes Chandalas as the lowest of the low castes. The Chandala, says
Manusmriti, must not ever reside inside the village. While doing their work, they must
resideoutside the village, at cremation ground, on mountains or in groves. They are not
entitled to keep cows or horses, etc., as pet animals. They may keep dogs and donkeys.
They are to wear shrouds. They are to eat in broken utensils. They are to use ornaments
of iron, not of gold. They must keep moving from one place to another, not residing at
the same place for a long duration. They must not move around in villages and cities in
night hours. They may enter the villages and cities in daytime, with king's permission,
wearing special symbols (to enable identification), and take away unclaimed dead bodies.
because hedescribes Chandalas as the lowest of the low castes. The Chandala, says
Manusmriti, must not ever reside inside the village. While doing their work, they must
resideoutside the village, at cremation ground, on mountains or in groves. They are not
entitled to keep cows or horses, etc., as pet animals. They may keep dogs and donkeys.
They are to wear shrouds. They are to eat in broken utensils. They are to use ornaments
of iron, not of gold. They must keep moving from one place to another, not residing at
the same place for a long duration. They must not move around in villages and cities in
night hours. They may enter the villages and cities in daytime, with king's permission,
wearing special symbols (to enable identification), and take away unclaimed dead bodies.
Dr Ambedkar, Mahtma Phuleand Shahuji Maharaj writings and
publications committeegovernment of Maharashtra.
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